航拍南京梅花山 初春着“粉装”
| Cat (Felis catus) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Various types of domestic cat | |
Domesticated
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Felinae |
| Genus: | Felis |
| Species: | F. catus[1]
|
| Binomial name | |
| Felis catus[1] | |
| Synonyms | |
Cats, also called domestic cats (Felis catus), are small, carnivorous (meat eating) mammals, of the family Felidae.[3][4][5] Cats have been domesticated (tamed) for nearly 10,000 years.[6]
Overview
[change | change source]Domestic cats may be called "house cats" when kept as indoor pets.[7] They are one of the most popular pets in the world. Humans keep them for hunting mice and rats, and as friends. There are also farm cats, which keep mice and rats away; and feral cats, which are domestic cats that live away from humans.[8] In 2021, there were about 220 million pet cats and 480 million feral cats in the world.[9][10][11]
There are about 92 breeds of cat.[12] Domestic cats are found in shorthair, longhair, and hairless breeds. Cats which are not specific breeds can be referred to as 'domestic shorthair' (DSH) or 'domestic longhair' (DLH).
The word 'cat' is also used for other felines, like lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, pumas, and cheetahs.
History
[change | change source]
In the past, mostly in Egypt, people kept cats because the cats hunted and ate mice and rats. The oldest evidence of cats kept as pets is from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, around 7500 BC. Ancient Egyptians worshipped cats as gods, and often mummified them so they could be with their owners "for all of eternity".[13]
Today, people often keep cats as pets. There are also domestic cats which live without being cared for by people. These cats are called "feral cats" or "stray cats". The cats started becoming pets when the ancient Egyptians were around.
Anatomy
[change | change source]Cats have anatomy similar to the other members of the genus Felis. The genus has extra lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest) vertebrae. This helps explain why cats are very flexible. Unlike human arms, cat's front paws are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones. These allow cats to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.[14]
The cat skull, unlike most mammals, has very large eye sockets and a powerful jaw.[15]:?35? Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth: this is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents.[16] Cats, like dogs, walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.[17]
Cats walk very precisely. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait (walking style); that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared with camels and giraffes. As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait will change to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals: the diagonally opposite hind and forelegs will move at the same time.[18] Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws.[19] On the inside of the front paws there is something which looks like a sixth "finger". This special feature on the inside of the wrists is the carpal pad. The carpal pad is also found on other cats and on dogs.
Colouring
[change | change source]Although cats can have many different colourings, genetically, they can only have two coat colours, orange and black. Cats with grey and white fur or markings have a masking gene, but will still have a base of orange or black.
The gene for colouring is in the X chromosome. As females have two X chromosomes, they can have two or more colours. It is for this reason that calico and tortoiseshell cats are mostly female.
Behaviour
[change | change source]
Cats are active carnivores, meaning that in the wild they hunt live animals. They mostly hunt small mammals (like mice). They will also sometimes hunt birds. Cats eat a wide variety of animals, including insects such as flies and grasshoppers.[20] Their main method of hunting is stalk and pounce.
The basic cat coat colouring, tabby (see top photo), makes it easy for the cat to hide in grass and woodland. The cat moves towards the animal it wants to hunt, keeping its body flat and near the ground so that it cannot be seen easily. When it is close enough, it runs towards the animal it is hunting and tries to jump on it. Cats, especially kittens, practice these instinctive behaviours in play with each other or on small toys.[21]
Cats can catch fish. They try to flip the fish out of the water and over the cat's shoulders using their front paw. Dutch research showed this to be an innate (inherited) behaviour pattern which developed early and without the mother teaching it.[22]
Cats are quiet and well-behaved animals, making them popular pets. Young kittens are playful. They can easily entertain themselves with a variety of store-bought or homemade toys. House cats have also been known to teach themselves to use lever-type doorknobs and toilet handles.[23]
Cats are independent animals. They can look after themselves and do not need as much attention as dogs do.
Communication
[change | change source]Cats use many different sounds for communication, including meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, squeaking, chirping, clicking and grunting.[24] Feral cats are usually silent.[25]:?208?
Body posture is also used to communicate. The position of their ears and tail are especially important in communication. A raised tail is usually friendly, and flattened ears are angry.[26] Cats will often touch noses when they meet each other.[27]
Mating
[change | change source]Cats only mate when the female cat is "in heat". Heat periods happen about every two weeks and last four to six days.[28] Several male cats may be attracted to a female cat in heat. The males will fight over her, and the winner wins the right to mate. At first, the female will reject the male, but eventually the female will allow the male to mate. The female will utter a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her. This is because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120-150 backwards-pointing spines, which are about one millimeter long.[29] When the penis is withdrawn, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation.[30] After mating, the female will wash her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.[28]
Because ovulation is not always triggered, females may not get pregnant by the first cat which mates with them.[31] A female cat may mate with more than one cat when she is in heat, and different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.[28] The cycle ceases when the female cat is pregnant.
The gestation period for cats is about two months, with an average length of 66 days.[32] The size of a litter is usually three to five kittens. Kittens are weaned at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and to 5–7 months (males).[28] Females can have two to three litters per year, so might have up to 150 kittens in their breeding life of about ten years.[28]
Birth and after
[change | change source]Pregnant females ("queens") deliver their litters by themselves, guided by instinct. The queen finds the safest place she can. Then she will clean it thoroughly, with her tongue, if necessary. Here she will quietly give birth. She licks the newborn kits clean. In the wild, leaving a scent is risking a dangerous encounter with other animals. The kits are born blind and with closed eyes. They suckle on her teats, and sleep a good deal. After two weeks or so, their eyes open. At that stage they have blue eyes, but not the best sight. A bit later, the best developed kit will totter out of the nest. The others follow. They will soon recognize you as a living thing: that is a great moment. At first, they go back to the nest to feed and sleep. After some more days they leave the nest for good, but still they may sleep together in a 'kitten heap'.[33]
Kittens play endlessly. It is how they do their learning. They will play their favourite games, such as 'hide and pounce', with almost anyone or anything. Soft balls on strings are a standard toy; so is a scratching post.
With cats there is a limit to how far you can train them. They are at least as intelligent as dogs, but they are not pack animals. They like to do their own thing, and owners do best by fitting in.[34]
Grooming
[change | change source]Cats are very clean animals. They groom themselves by licking their fur. The cat's tongue can act as a hairbrush and can clean and untangle a cat's fur. Still, owners may buy grooming products to help the cat care for itself. After licking their fur, cats sometimes get hairballs. A hairball is a small amount of fur that is vomited up by animals when it becomes too big. Owners brush their cats to try to prevent a lot of hairballs. Cats have four toes on their back feet, while their front feet have five. There are typically 12 whiskers on the right and left side of the cat's face.
Food
[change | change source]Many house cats eat food which their owners give them. This food is manufactured, and designed to contain the proper nutrients for cats. There are many different types of cat food. These come in many different flavors and costs are often very small.
There is moist canned food and also dry cat food which comes in different sized cans or bags and formulas. There are all kinds of formulae. It seems obvious that the food should be mostly meat, as that is most of a cat's natural diet. But remember, when they catch mice, they also eat the bones. So there is need for formulas to have more than just meat.
Cats should not be fed a daily diet of dog food. It could make the cat blind, as it has no taurine, which is a nutrient for the eyes that cats cannot make for themselves.
Cats cannot taste sweet foods (with sugar) because of a mutation (change) in their ancestors which removed the ability to taste sweet things.
Health
[change | change source]
In 2023, pet cats lived for, on average, 13 years.[35][36] This has increased from seven years in the 1980s.[37]:?33?[38] Creme Puff, the oldest cat that ever lived, died at the age of 38.[39]
Cats that roam outside will get fleas at some time. Cat fleas will not live on people, but fleas will not hesitate to bite anyone nearby. Vets have a good product which they put just behind the cat's upper neck, where it can't be licked off.
Cats kept indoors most of the time are kept from danger from the outside. That is obvious, but its own nature is be free to wander.
House cats can become overweight through lack of exercise and over-feeding. When they get spayed or neutered ("fixed"), they tend to exercise less. If a male cat is not neutered, it develops a disgusting smell. Neutering can make cats live longer.[40]
Kittens are sometimes born with unusual traits. Some are serious problems, many of which are similar to human genetic disorders. Others are harmless, like polydactyly. Most cats have only four to five toes on each paw. Polydactyl cats have six, seven, or sometimes even more. These cats can also be called Hemingway cats because author Ernest Hemingway owned cats like these.
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis Catus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonyms, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
- ↑ Erxleben, J. C. P. (1777). "Felis Catus domesticus". Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia. Lipsiae: Weygandt. pp. 520–521.
- ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis Catus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
- ↑ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Felis catus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 534–535. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ↑ The secret life of cats. 2023. National Geographic reissue. [can be recommended]
- ↑ "Oldest known pet cat? 9500-year-old burial found on Cyprus". National Geographic News. 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Cats". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–140. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571.
- ↑ Liberg, O.; Sandell, M.; Pontier, D. & Natoli, E. (2000). "Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids". In Turner, D. C. & Bateson, P. (eds.). The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. ISBN 9780521636483.
- ↑ "Statistics on cats". carocat.eu. 2021. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ↑ Rostami, A. (2020). "30". In Bowman, D. D. (ed.). Toxocara and Toxocariasis. Elsevier Science. p. 616. ISBN 9780128209585.
- ↑ Flatt Osborn, Jen (23 September 2023). "How Many Cats Are in the World? A Statistical Overview". WorldAnimalFoundation.org. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ↑ Driscoll, C. A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Kitchener, A. C. & O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "The taming of the cat". Scientific American. 300 (6): 68–75. Bibcode:2009SciAm.300f..68D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68 (inactive 11 July 2025). ISSN 0036-8733. PMC 5790555. PMID 19485091.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ↑ "Archaeologists discover secret behind why we keep cats as pets". The Independent. 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Gillis, Rick, ed. (22 July 2002). "Cat skeleton". Zoolab: a website for animal biology. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ↑ Case, Linda P. (2003). The cat: its behavior, nutrition, and health. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Pr. ISBN 0-8138-0331-4.
- ↑ Smith, Patricia; Tchernov, Eitan (1992). Structure, function and evolution of teeth. Freund Publishing House Ltd. p. 217. ISBN 965-222-270-4.
- ↑ Lacquaniti, F.; Grasso, R.; Zago, M. (1999). "Motor patterns in walking". News Physiol. Sci. 14 (4): 168–174. doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168. PMID 11390844. S2CID 9570415.
- ↑ Christensen, Wendy (2004). Outwitting cats. Globe Pequot. p. 23. ISBN 1-59228-240-7.
- ↑ Danforth, C.H. (1947). "Heredity of polydactyly in the cat" (PDF). Journal of Heredity. 38 (4): 107–112. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701. PMID 20242531.
- ↑ Pond G. & Dineen J. The family library of cats. London: Octopus, p47.
- ↑ "Cat Coat Colours And Patterns | Choosing The Right Cat For You | Cats". www.omlet.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Morris D. 1986. Catwatching: the essential guide to cat behaviour. London: Cape, p72/3.
- ↑ Nick Sayer (19 April 2006). "Gizmo Flushes" – via YouTube.
- ↑ "Meows mean more to cat lovers". Channel3000.com. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Jensen, P. (2009). The Ethology of Domestic Animals. "Modular Text" series. Wallingford, England: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 9781845935368.
- ↑ Cafazzo, S.; Natoli, E. (2009). "The Social Function of Tail Up in the Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus)". Behavioural Processes. 80 (1): 60–66. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008. PMID 18930121. S2CID 19883549.
- ↑ Crowell-Davis, S. L.; Curtis, T. M.; Knowles, R. J. (2004). "Social Organization in the Cat: A Modern Understanding" (PDF). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 6 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013. PMC 10822437. PMID 15123163. S2CID 25719922. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "Prolific cats: the estrous cycle" (PDF). Veterinary Learning Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ↑ Aronson L.R.; Cooper M.L (1967). "Penile spines of the domestic cat: their endocrine-behavior relations" (PDF). Anat. Rec. 157 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. ISSN 0003-276X. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ↑ Trigger: in the sense of an event which starts other events.
- ↑ Wildt, D. E.; Seager, S. W. J.; Chakraborty, P. K. (October 1980). "Effect of copulatory stimuli on incidence of ovulation and on serum luteinizing hormone in the cat*". Endocrinology. 107 (4): 1212–1217. doi:10.1210/endo-107-4-1212. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 7190893.
- ↑ Tsutsui T. and Stabenfeldt G.H (1993). "Biology of ovarian cycles, pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the domestic cat". J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 47: 29–35. ISSN 0449-3087. PMID 8229938.
- ↑ How to look after your cat: there are two books with this title, as follows. 1. by Colin and Jacqui Hawkins, Walker Books, 1996. 2. by Alan Edwards, Southwater, 2006.
- ↑ Gallico, Paul. The silent miaow: a cat's eye view of Homo sapiens. Heinemann, London.
- ↑ O'Neill, Dan G; Church, David B; McGreevy, Paul D; Thomson, Peter C; Brodbelt, David C (2014). "Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1177/1098612X14536176. PMC 10816413. PMID 24925771.
- ↑ Montoya, M.; Morrison, J. A.; Arrignon, F.; Spofford, N.; C., H.; Hours, M.-A.; Biourge, V. (2023). "Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 10: 1082102. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102. PMC 9989186. PMID 36896289.
- ↑ Kraft, W. (1998). "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine". European Journal of Medical Research. 3 (1–2): 31–41. PMID 9512965.
- ↑ Nassar, R.; Mosier, J. E.; Williams, L. W. (1984). "Study of the feline and canine populations in the greater Las Vegas area". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 45 (2): 282–287. doi:10.2460/ajvr.1984.45.02.282. PMID 6711951.
- ↑ Glenday, C. (2010). Guinness World Records (reprint ed.). Bantam Books. p. 320. ISBN 9780553593372.
- ↑ Kraft, W. (1998). "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine". European Journal of Medical Research. 3 (1–2): 31–41. PMID 9512965.
Further reading
[change | change source]- Rochlitz, Irene (2005). "A review of the housing requirements of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) kept in the home". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 93 (1–2): 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.002.
