拔牙吃什么消炎药好
Inflation means that the general level of prices is going up. More money will be needed to pay for goods (like a loaf of bread) and services (like getting a haircut at the hairdresser's). Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Inflation changes the ratio of money towards goods or services; more money is needed to get the same amount of a good or service, or the same amount of money will get a lower amount of a good or service. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. There can be positive and negative effects. The opposite of inflation is deflation.
Causes of inflation
[change | change source]When the total money in an economy (the money supply) increases too rapidly, the quality of the money (the currency value) often decreases. Economists generally think that the increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes the price of goods/services to increase (price inflation) over a longer period. They disagree on causes over a shorter period.
Demand-pull inflation
[change | change source]Demand-pull inflation says that inflation is the result of "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the need for buying goods is growing faster than the amount of goods that have been made, prices will go up. This is most likely to happen in economies that are growing fast.
Whenever a product is bought or sold beyond its real price that it is worth, inflation of money happens. For example, if a company makes a small amount of goods and a lot of people buy them, then the company will higher the prices of these goods.
Cost-push inflation
[change | change source]The cost-push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, people make prices higher, because they want to make a profit from selling that product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government, or higher costs of raw materials from other countries.
However, Austrian School economists think this is wrong, because if people have to pay higher prices, this just means they have less to spend on other things.
Costs of inflation
[change | change source]| Date | Price |
|---|---|
| 6 June 1912 | 7 Pfennig |
| 6 August 1923 | 923 Papiermark |
| 27 August 1923 | 177.500 Papiermark |
| 17 September 1923 | 2,1 million Papiermark |
| 15 October 1923 | 227 million Papiermark |
| 5 November 1923 | 22,7 billion Papiermark |
| 15 November 1923 | 320 billion Papiermark |
Almost everyone thinks excessive inflation is bad. Inflation affects different people in different ways. It also depends on whether inflation is expected or not. If the inflation rate is equal to what most people are expecting (anticipated inflation), then we can adjust and the cost is not as high. For example, banks can change their interest rates and workers can negotiate contracts that include automatic wage hikes as the price level goes up.
Problems arise when there is unanticipated inflation:
- Creditors lose and debtors gain if the lender does not guess inflation correctly. For those who borrow, this is similar to getting an interest-free loan.
- Uncertainty about what will happen next makes corporations and consumers less likely to spend. This hurts economic output in the long run.
- People with a fixed income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.
- The entire economy must absorb repricing costs ("menu costs") as price lists, labels, menus and so forth have to be updated.
- If the inflation rate is greater than in other countries, domestic products become less competitive.
- Nominal interest rate rise because inflation is anticipated.
Measures of inflation
[change | change source]In the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics produces several different measures of inflation. Every year they record the prices of many different items. They also record how often people buy them. They are:
- Retail Prices Index. This started in 1947.
- Consumer Prices Index. It now includes 727 items.
- Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. It now includes 733 items. Unlike the others it includes the cost of housing.[1]
Other websites
[change | change source]- Inflation – Citizendium
- Consumer Price Indices: A brief guide, Office for National Statistics, 2013
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Finkel, Izzy (2025-08-07). "Izzy Finkel · Short Cuts: In the Inflation Basket · LRB 16 February 2023". London Review of Books. Vol. 45, no. 04. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 2025-08-07.