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For other uses, see Match (disambiguation).

Matches made from wood

An igniting match

Match heads macrophotography

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A match is a tool for making fire under controlled circumstances. Most often, it is a small piece of wood, or hardened paper. At one end, the match is coated with a material that will ignite from friction. The lighting end of a match is known as the match "head". It contains an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder as the active ingredient and gelatin as a binder. Matches are sold in multiples, packaged together either in a box, or in matchbooks. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface; and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.

There are also electric matches, which use electricity and not friction to produce a fire.

Early matches

Matches that used sulfur were mentioned by Martial in ancient Rome. He called them sulphurata.

Around the year 1530, Matches appeared in Europe. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris, though. The head of the match was made of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's matches never gained much popularity.

Special-purpose matches

Storm matches, also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, have an easy to strike tip like a normal match, but much of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof. They are a component of many survival kits. This particular match was used in the first mass-produced Molotov cocktails.

"Bengal matches" are actually small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form, but they include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.

Related pages

• The Little Match Girl

Other websites

• "History of Chemical Matches". Chemistry.about.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
• "The History of Matches". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
• "History of matchbooks". Matchcovers.com/first100.htm. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
• "The Rathkamp Matchcover Society". Matchcover.org. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
• A site Archived 2025-08-07 at the Wayback Machine demonstrating jet propulsion using matches and foil